Matkailutoimialan työllisyys muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä : Toimialapalveluiden teemaraportti

Matkailutoimialat muodostivat 2,7 prosenttia vuonna 2019 Suomen bruttokansantuotteesta, jolloin alat työllistivät 154 000 henkilöä ja osuus kaikista työllisistä oli 5,8 prosenttia. Matkailutoimialojen ammateissa työskentelevistä naisten osuus oli 71 prosenttia. Nuoria työskenteli erityisesti paljon pikaruokatyöntekijöinä, kahvila- ja baarimyyjinä sekä tarjoilijoina. Esimerkiksi pikaruokatyöntekijöistä 64 prosenttia oli 18–24 vuotiaita. Koronapandemia pahensi työvoimapulaa, ja entistä tärkeämpää on kiinnittää huomiota työn veto- ja pitovoimaan. Osa-aika-, vuoro-, ja vuokratyö on tyypillistä. Esimerkiksi majoitus- ja ravitsemistoimialalla osa-aikatyötä teki 40 prosenttia palkansaajista. Vuokratyö oli yleisintä majoitus- ja ravitsemistoimialoilla, jossa sitä teki kuusi prosenttia palkansaajista. Tulevaisuudessa ulkomaisen työvoiman tarve kasvaa. Osaamistarpeet liittyvät toisaalta asiakaspalveluun ja toisaalta teknologian kehittymiseen, ilmastonmuutoksen hillintään sekä demografisiin muutoksiin. Yhtäältä ala tarjoaa monipuolisia mahdollisuuksia, mutta on myös syytä kiinnittää huomiota työoloihin ja -hyvinvointiin sekä esimiestyöhön. Myös elinkeinoelämän ja oppilaitosten välinen yhteistyö on olennaista. Muissa Pohjoismaissa haasteet ovat samantyyppisiä. Alat työllistivät selvästi eniten Tanskassa, mutta osuus kaikista työllisistä oli suurin Islannissa. Tilastointierot vaikeuttivat vertailua

Sidon Sets in Groups and Induced Subgraphs of Cayley Graphs

Let S be a subset of a group G. We call S a Sidon subset of the first (second) kind, if for any x, y, z, w ∈ S of which at least 3 are different, xy ≠ zw (xy-1 ≠ zw-1, resp.). (For abelian groups, the two notions coincide.) If G has a Sidon subset of the second kind with n elements then every n-vertex graph is an induced subgraph of some Cayley graph of G. We prove that a sufficient condition for G to have a Sidon subset of order n (of either kind) is that (❘G❘ ⩾ cn3. For elementary Abelian groups of square order, ❘G❘ ⩾ n2 is sufficient. We prove that most graphs on n vertices are not induced subgraphs of any vertex transitive graph with <cn2/log2n vertices. We comment on embedding trees and, in particular, stars, as induced subgraphs of Cayley graphs, and on the related problem of product-free (sum-free) sets in groups. We summarize the known results on the cardinality of Sidon sets of infinite groups, and formulate a number of open problems.We warn the reader that the sets considered in this paper are different from the Sidon sets Fourier analysts investigate

Social partners going digital: using digital tools and adapting social dialogue processes

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eufound Correspondent. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Alejandro GodinoDigital transformation is changing the world of work. This report looks at how social partners - the actors involved in the regulation of employment relationships - are increasingly adopting technological solutions to improve the services that they provide to their members and facilitate collective bargaining processes. Technological tools offer social partners the opportunity to enhance consultation, engage with their members through digitised processes, improve services and increase networking activities, as well as addressing the issue of membership decline. The findings of this report show that the extent to which the social partners use digital technologies varies greatly across the EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. Provisions in collective agreements on several aspects of digitalisation have been identified in about half of the countries. Through these provisions, social partners encourage their members to boost training on digital skills, ensure fair and safe working conditions and take account of data protection and employee monitoring practices. The European social partners' autonomous framework agreement on digitalisation has provided inspiration to national-level organisations, and follow-up actions in this regard have the potential to greatly benefit their members

Social partners going digital: using digital tools and adapting social dialogue processes

La xarxa de corresponsals d'Eurofound ha contribuït a aquest informe i en concret l'Alejandro Godino com així s'expressa a l'Annex 3: Network of Eurofound CorrespondentsDigital transformation is changing the world of work. This report looks at how social partners - the actors involved in the regulation of employment relationships - are increasingly adopting technological solutions to improve the services that they provide to their members and facilitate collective bargaining processes. Technological tools offer social partners the opportunity to enhance consultation, engage with their members through digitised processes, improve services and increase networking activities, as well as addressing the issue of membership decline. The findings of this report show that the extent to which the social partners use digital technologies varies greatly across the EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. Provisions in collective agreements on several aspects of digitalisation have been identified in about half of the countries. Through these provisions, social partners encourage their members to boost training on digital skills, ensure fair and safe working conditions and take account of data protection and employee monitoring practices. The European social partners' autonomous framework agreement on digitalisation has provided inspiration to national-level organisations, and follow-up actions in this regard have the potential to greatly benefit their members

Minimum wages in 2023 : annual review

Aquesta publicació s'elabora a partir de les contribucions de cadascú dels membres nacionals que integren la Network of Eurofound Correspondents. Pel cas d'Espanya la contribució ha estat realitzada per l'Oscar Molina (veure annex Network of Eurofound Correspondents)The 2023 annual review of minimum wages was prepared in the context of unprecedented inflation across Europe. While this led to hefty increases in nominal wage rates in many countries, it was in many cases not enough to maintain workers' purchasing power. Based on developments over the last decade, this report shows that, overall, minimum wage earners in nearly all countries saw their purchasing power rising, the gap between their wages and average wages narrowing, and to some degree growth exceeding labour productivity development

Hematooman muodostumisen ehkäisy verenkeräyksessä

Euroopassa luotetaan elintärkeiden verivalmisteiden saatavuudessa vapaaehtoisiin verenluovuttajiin. Vapaaehtoisuuden myötä verenluovuttajien tyytyväisyys ja heidän turvallisuudestaan huolehtiminen on ensiarvoisen tärkeää sekä veripankeille että koko terveydenhuollolle. Tätä tyytyväisyyttä voidaan edistää ehkäisemällä verenluovuttajalle verenluovutuksesta aiheutuvia haittoja, kuten hematoomia. Hematoomia syntyy verenluovuttajalle Suomen Punaisen Ristin Veripalvelun tilastojen mukaan 0,6-0,7 % kaikista verenluovutuksista. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kirjallisuuskatsauksen metodeja käyttäen löytää hematoomien esiintyvyyteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä sekä löytää ohjeita hematoomien syntymisen ehkäisemiseksi. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen pohjalta voidaan todeta, että hematoomien esiintyvyys laskimopunktion yhteydessä liittyy enemmän verenkeräyksen suorittajaan kuin verenluovuttajaan. Täten se on ehkäistävissä oleva haitta. Valoisa, rauhallinen työympäristö, hyvä pistotekniikka ja oikein toteutettu kompressio pistokohdalle ovat olennaisia mustelmien ehkäisyssä. Myös verenkeräyssuonen valinnalla on merkitystä. Verenluovuttajien demografisilla tekijöillä kuten sukupuolella, iällä, etnisyydellä ja luovuttajastatuksella näyttäisi olevan merkitystä hematoomien kannalta, mutta tästä on ristiriitaisia tutkimustuloksia. Opinnäytetyö on tehty verenkeräyksessä toimivien hoitajien työn tueksi ja siihen on kerätty käytänteitä kansainvälisistä veripalveluista suomalaisen toimintatavan vertailun kohteeksi.Preventing hematomas in blood collection In Europe, we put our trust in voluntary blood donations to supply the health care system with vital blood products. Since the blood donors are volunteers, it is of great importance for the blood banks and to the public health service to care for the blood donors’ safety and well-being. To increase donor satisfaction we need to minimise the occurrence of adverse reactions to blood donation, such as hematomas. The statistics of the Finnish Red Cross Blood Services show us, that the prevalence of hematomas is 0,6 – 0,7% of all blood donations. The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis is to find factors related to the prevalence of hematomas and instructions to prevent hematomas during blood donation through literature review. The literature review indicates that occurrence of hematomas is related to the phlebotomists’ skills more than to the blood donor. This means hematomas can be prevented. A peaceful working environment provided with proper light, the phlebotomists’ skills in venipunction and adequate pressure applied to the venipunction site after phlebotomy are all essential factors in preventing hematomas. The choice of the canalized vein was also related to hematoma risk. The donors demographical factors such as sex, age, ethnicity and donor status seemed to affect the hematoma risk, but the research results are contradictory. This Bachelor’s thesis is made to support the nurses’ work at blood collection sites. The thesis also presents international policies for comparison with the Finnish ones

Is the time for leisure now? : The growth paradigm in the Finnish welfare debate

The government of Finland has the ambition of making Finland the first fossil-free welfare state in the world and reaching carbon neutrality in 2035. Simultaneously, worktime reduction and basic income have been matters of vivid political debate. Both worktime reduction and basic income are go-to solutions for post-growth scholars as ways to arrange welfare in a non-growing economy. These initiatives could thereby support the climate goals of the government– but are concerns with limits to growth distinguishable in the debates? In this thesis, I have mapped out the political debate in Finland surrounding the welfare reforms of worktime reduction and basic income to explore how growth-sustainability tensions are addressed and if welfare alternatives are limited due to the growth paradigm. To see whether post-growth ideas are present in Finnish party politics, I interviewed eleven candidates from seven parties in the Finnish parliament to see on which grounds these initiatives are proposed and opposed. I found that the main driver of the debate is the transformation of work in the 21st Century, rather than the ecological crises we are facing. Most interviewees did not link Finland’s environmental goals to the two welfare initiatives discussed. Nevertheless, a minority considered basic income and worktime reduction to be sustainability strategies. There is recognition of limits to growth among politicians, and possibly more broadly in the parties they stood election for. It appears that the growth paradigm is being politically contested. Although most respondents considered economic growth as a solution to social and ecological problems, growth was given instrumental value rather than being blindly pursued. The welfare state of Finland is embedded in a system depending on growth, whereby there is concern that current levels of welfare cannot be realised in a non-growing economy. Thereby the barriers to transition are more structural than narrative, although the latter was also distinguishable in the data. I conclude that concerns with limits to growth are present in Finnish party politics. The political discussions on worktime reduction and basic income would benefit from including the potential co-benefits between social and environmental sustainability that post-growth scholars argue these initiatives have. This connection is however not without tension. As alternative methods of financing the welfare state have not been convincingly mapped out, reliance on growth to solve ecological and social problems is likely to continue

The Paris Agreement and the Regulatory Chill - Investigating Climate-Trade Conflicts in SIDS

Despite the general consensus on the urgent need for climate mitigation, the achievements of the climate regime have so far been discouraging. The supportiveness of pre-existing global governance institutions should be achieved to enable truly ambitious climate policy. In this thesis, I investigate the theory of regulatory chill in interactions between the WTO and the UNFCCC by examining climate contributions of SIDS. The regulatory chill is caused by the power imbalance in global governance, the hegemony of “disciplinary neoliberalism” and the lack of “disciplinary environmentalism”. Due to the enforcement mechanisms of the WTO, nation states are unwilling to formulate transformative climate policy where it may collide with the legal framework of the trade regime. This study did not find a significant difference between members and non-members and thereby no direct evidence of the regulatory chill. However, the study shows a willingness to trade-restrictive climate contributions where they are multilateral, rather than unilateral. This finding implies a need for common contributions, rather than nationally determined ones as formulated in the Paris Agreement

Proof of Concept for Automating Personal Settings in Construction Machines with a Mobile Application : An Observational Study on Transferring Data at Volvo

In today’s market, digitization and automation are crucial for the survival of most companies due to the high level of software already present. The need to adapt to the demands of the day, forces a big mechanical company to perform a paradigm shift towards becoming a software producing company as well. However, the current systems are limited, they are not developed for such a change. Machines in the construction industry are complicated vehicles that require careful configuration by the operators. Each operator may have their own personal preference of how the settings of a construction machine should be configured in order to get full utilization. The problem for the operators revolves around the current situation of frequently having to configure these settings each time operating a machine, requiring time. Consequently, creating the risk of operators neglecting the configuration. Therefore, the problem of the thesis is that there is no existing system of how to facilitate this reoccurring activity. The purpose of this thesis is to prove the usefulness of introducing a mobile application as the missing system for when operators switch machines, through a proof of concept. The proof of concept suggests a quality approach towards the first steps in automating the work environment of operators for construction machines. The objective is to improve the efficiency of the workflow by saving the operators machine settings in a profile, in order to transfer the settings between the machines. The goal is to investigate and deliver a proof of concept for how to store and transfer the personal settings in a useful manner. Due to the limited time of the thesis, the starting focus is placed on wheel loaders with the research limited to one specific type of machine. The thesis consists of a qualitative study, analysing inductively from details to produce abstractions and hypotheses. The agile design science research method applied to the research, was evaluated continuously in the different phases and iterations of the thesis plan to adjust to improvements reviewed as necessary. The observational research includes an explorative and evaluative aspect, first to form an idea and consequently to prove the idea. A design of an user interface of a mobile application served as a method to support the evaluation. The result for the thesis is the proof of concept of a useful mobile application system to automate the personal settings of the construction machines. The evidence is supported by information gathered during the pre-study and the demonstration of a small prototype tested by engineers as well as the intended users, the operators. The questionnaires prove the prototype to be a useful improvement in the operators daily work environment. The documentation and suggested system construction are approved by the target audience to be viable and of value. På dagens marknad är digitalisering och automatisering avgörande för de flesta företags överlevnad på grund av den höga nivån av mjukvara som redan finns. Behovet av att anpassa sig till dagens krav tvingar ett stort mekaniskt företag att utföra ett paradigmskifte mot att också bli ett mjukvaruproducerande företag. De nuvarande systemen är dock begränsade, de är inte utvecklade för en sådan förändring. Maskiner inom byggbranschen är komplicerade fordon som kräver noggrann konfiguration av operatörerna. Varje operatör kan ha sina egna personliga preferenser för hur inställningarna för en entreprenadmaskin ska konfigureras för att få fullt utnyttjande. Problemet för operatörerna kretsar kring den nuvarande situationen att ofta behöva konfigurera dessa inställningar varje gång man använder en maskin, vilket kräver tid. Följaktligen skapar risken för att operatorer försummar konfigurationen. Därför är problemet med avhandlingen att det inte finns något befintligt system för hur man kan underlätta denna återkommande aktivitet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bevisa användbarheten av att introducera en mobilapplikation som det saknade systemet för när operatörer byter maskin, genom ett proof of concept. proof of concept antyder ett kvalitetstänkande mot de första stegen i att automatisera arbetsmiljön för operatörer för entreprenadmaskiner. Målet är att förbättra effektiviteten i arbetsflödet genom att spara operatörens maskininställningar i en profil, för att överföra inställningarna mellan maskinerna. Målet är att undersöka och leverera ett proof of concept för hur man lagrar och överför de personliga inställningarna på ett användbart sätt. På grund av projektets begränsade tid läggs startfokus på hjullastare med forskningen begränsad till en specifik maskintyp. Projektet består av en kvalitativ studie, som induktivt analyserar från detaljer för att producera abstraktioner och hypoteser. Den agila designvetenskapliga forskningsmetoden som tillämpades på projektet utvärderades kontinuerligt i de olika faserna och iterationerna av projektplanen för att anpassa sig till förbättringar som granskades vid behov. Observationsforskningen innefattar en utforskande och utvärderande aspekt, först för att bilda en idé och följaktligen för att bevisa idén. En design av ett användargränssnitt för en mobilapplikation fungerade som en metod för att stödja utvärderingen. Resultatet för avhandlingen är ett bevis på konceptet för användbarheten av det mobila applikationssystemet för att automatisera entreprenadmaskinernas personliga inställningar. Bevisen stöds av information som samlats in under förstudien och demonstrationen av en liten prototyp som testats av ingenjörer såväl som de tilltänkta användarna, operatörerna. Enkäterna visar att prototypen är en användbar förbättring i operatörens dagliga arbetsmiljö. Dokumentationen och den föreslagna systemkonstruktionen godkänns av målgruppen för att vara lönsam och av värde.